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Manual Brinsea Contaq Z7 Raptor Incubator

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Manual

Q4000 US Issue 01

1 Introduction to Contact Incubation

The method of contact incubation technology is actually as old as the birds themselves – but

what is new is the unique way the method is applied by this Contaq machine.

Contact incubation is based on the natural incubation process. The most striking difference

between natural and artificial incubation is the fact that the natural parent provides warmth

by contact rather than surrounding the egg with warm air. This may not at first sight seem

significant but important research studies carried out by J. Scott Turner at New York State

University and the University of Cape Town has revealed major unsuspected differences in

thermal behaviour of eggs incubated by contact rather than convection. Crucially, eggs in a

forced draft incubator have near uniform temperature throughout incubation; there will be

some increase in embryonic temperature towards the end of incubation as a result of

increased metabolism but otherwise the whole egg will remain near incubator air

temperature. By contrast, eggs incubated naturally or by contact, have significant

temperature differences. Heat is entering the egg over a relatively small brood patch, which

is therefore warmer than other regions of the egg, and is being lost from most of the

remaining shell area which is cooler.

In contact incubation, the embryo temperature tends to fall at later stages of incubation as a

result of the embryo’s own blood circulation which becomes significantly more important

than embryonic metabolism in determining temperature distribution and heat flow within

the egg, quite contrary to previous understanding which assumed metabolism to be dominant

and cause egg temperature to rise. The inevitable fact that the embryo grows larger and must

move from its original position on top of the yolk sack downwards in the egg to cooler regions

also tends to reduce embryonic temperature as incubation progresses. These important

findings emphasise surprising differences between natural and artificial incubation, but there

are others. Eggs in nature are certainly subjected to a cycle of warming and cooling coupled

with ventilation as the parent bird leaves the nest to feed and defend territory, etc.

The Contaq incubator should be viewed as replacing the natural Bird and Nest combination.

The pressurised ‘skin’ mimics the functions of an incubating parent; providing warmth by

contact with the tops of eggs, but also the facility to lift from the eggs periodically and in doing

so, causes a substantial influx of fresh air in the manner of a bird standing or leaving the nest.

The Contaq egg chamber also provides sophisticated provision for automatic turning of eggs

of different sizes. Egg turning coincides with lifting of the skin and enables programma ble

turns.

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